New Insight on NNRTIs and Mutations

Report found in - PA (Positively Aware) Magazine

New Insight on NNRTIs and Mutations

Why NNRTIs can lead to viral resistance

Anti-retroviral drugs such as Sustiva (efavirenz) and other non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in combination with other anti-retrovirals can slow the progress of viral infection, prolonging life. Unfortunately, studies have shown that these benefits themselves can be short-lived—therapy with NNRTIs can lead to single (or “point”) mutations in the HIV genetic code that make the virus resistant to the drugs.

Researchers at the University of  Pittsburgh School of Medicine now have a good idea why. In work to be presented at the 58th Annual Biophysical Society Meeting, which took place in San Francisco from Feb. 15-19, cell biologist Sanford Leuba and his colleagues offered new insight into how NNRTIs function and how therapy-induced point mutations actually result in drug resistance.

NNRTIs work by blocking the action of an enzyme called reverse transcriptase, which HIV uses to convert its own genetic material (in the form of RNA) into single-stranded copies of DNA, which can then be inserted into the genome of the human cells they've infected. Once incorporated, this DNA instructs the host to create new copies of the virus, propagating the infection to new cells and over time attacking the immune system, which can lead to AIDS.

Using a number of imaging techniques and computer modeling, Leuba and his team showed that, normally, the binding of efavirenz results in the formation of a molecule-sized “salt bridge” that holds the reverse transcriptase in an open state when it is attached to the template it uses in making DNA copies.

“The reverse transcriptase can still bind the template, but it continually slides,” Leuba explained, “preventing the enzyme from polymerizing nucleotides. The virus cannot replicate.”The researchers found that the point mutations that cause resistance to efavirenz prevent that salt bridge from forming, “allowing the reverse transcriptase to function normally,” Leuba says. “This type of inhibition, which does not involve drug-binding affinity, has not been described previously.”

Based on the work, he said, “We have ideas about how to begin designing a new generation of NNRTIs